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Making Juvenile Justice Work, 2005
It is common, then as now, for children in conflict with the law to come under the full retributive authority of a criminal court. The retributive method, in contrast to the welfare approach that focuses on the needs of the juvenile, is centered on punishment and setting the child as an example to protect the public. Children and young people, early in life or at the ages of 6 to 9, even as status offenders or for unruly behavior and once transferred to an adult court, already feel the cruel brunt of the law when penalized for not having the maturity and experience to decide wisely and in the way grown-ups do. 
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